wartime penicillin : Outsiders vs Insiders

In 1940, Canada, Britain and America had similar equally insular little clubs of a few elite research oriented (Ivy League) universities, a few national government science agencies and a few top research-oriented pharmaceutical firms, all strung closely together like pearls on a necklace, down along their relatively compact major urban corridor.

wartime Penicillin a tale of 3 urban corridors

The story of wartime penicillin at first glance appears to sprawl all over the entire globe but I argue it mostly happened mostly along three relatively small but very important urban corridors in America, the UK and Canada.

OSRD boosters in academia don't want you to read this

OSRD  vs  OPRD and OSS

Bertrand Goldberg was an important pioneering industrial designer - someone who was one part architect and one part engineer.

In 1943, he teamed up with Westinghouse and the OSS (yeah the pre-CIA spy guys!) to come up with a way to grow and process natural penicillin at the front lines, particularly in the then current North Africa campaign.

No official frontline grow ops along the clever methods proposed by Goldberg were ever built, but I have come across plenty of unofficial and semi-official grow ops on the North African - Italian - West Africa - India - China front lines that did save lives.

I suspect Vannevar Bush's GOP-oriented OSRD, the de facto Lobbyist-in-Washington for the entwined couple of Big Pharma & Big Academia , put a quick stop to the OSS idea.

For if army medic technicians could make life-saving penicillin under relatively primitive conditions in the combat zones, how could Big Pharma hope to charge high prices for their high tech synthetic penicillin and how could the scientists at the big research universities sustain their claim of exclusive arcane knowledge ?

The OSRD and its British equivalent never did produce any significant amounts of wartime penicillin - synthetic or otherwise.

Wartime penicillin in mass production levels came about mostly thanks to the efforts of the almost unknown OPRD branch of the New Deal-oriented WPB (War Production Board).

But the OPRD successes and Goldberg's mobile penicillin lab remains almost unknown in academic and popular accounts of wartime penicillin, where the totally inaccurate PR version touted by the OSRD and its fellow travellers holds firm sway.

The OSRD's story won out largely because the OSRD and Vannevar Bush told postwar academic researchers exactly what they always wanted to hear : proposing that the taxpayers give them lots of money ---and then leave them strictly alone.

As a result most academics researching wartime penicillin have let down their guard and generally bought into the OSRD version of the facts without really examining it closely.

Simply put, my thesis is that the biggest disaster for the mass production of cheap abundant penicillin during WWII was the day that the OSRD got its hooks into it.

Only the unexpected intervention for the Hearst newspaper chain building up a storm over the fate of baby Patty Malone changed the dynamics so completely that penicillin suddenly became one of the biggest success stories of WWII.

A huge success story, and one that the OSRD then claimed credit for, contrary to all the facts.....

Millenniums the NEW VICTORIANS ?

Warning : reading the text in this space may trigger vague little feelings of aggression towards its author

To briefly recap, the Victorians of 150 years ago covered up the legs of pianos not because there was actual scientific evidence that the sight encouraged males to ravage females, but because many people simply 'felt' it would and because the sight of bare furniture legs made them 'feel' uneasy.

Fast forward to today and many millenniums are equally convinced that simply because they 'feel' learning about historical injustices will make them 'feel' uncomfortable, universities should not be permitted to talk about them.

Emotions, then and now, trump facts.

And because one of the best (and best paid) sinecures in the whole world is to create better paid tasks for yourself in the administration of a university, there are always lots of university admins about eager to coddle all these new phobias of these New Victorian cum post-millennium students.

Universities - at least in the eyes of their admin types - are strictly businesses these days and cash cow students, not taxpayers, are the real customers --- if enough unhappy students leave university A for university B, the first lot of admins will be out of a job.

So it becomes 'give 'em whatever they want -- above all, keep the customer satisfied'.

Millenniums are too busy sexting to take up all of the Victorian Era's broad phobia over matters sexual, but there are many new terrors these New Victorians will no doubt want to cover up with the help of the universities' Mr Bowdler and Mrs Grundy....

Dawson the ENGINEER of DNA & Penicillin

Dr (Martin) Henry Dawson did not discover DNA or Penicillin but he was the very first to develop their tremendous potential --- thus the very first to put DNA to work in the test tube & penicillin to work in the bloodstream of a human patient.

Perhaps better then to regard Dawson as penicillin & DNA's preeminent can-do engineer, rather than just one of their many ivory tower scientists.....

ATP, DNA and PEN : Meyer & Dawson

Ernst Chain is generally considered to be very lucky to have received a Nobel prize.

And he knew it --- at the end of his life he ruefully reflected on the difference between being lucky enough to receive a Nobel prize and on being a true genius.

Ernst Chain : "True genius consists of being lucky --- TWICE"

Remember that when you ask yourself how it was that a dying doctor and a chemist who could barely be understood in English, working in a small lab between 1940-1944, could do so much to improve our whole world with their pioneering efforts with the penicillin molecule.

Experience with supervisors, not fungi, united Meyer & Dawson

On January 1st 1863, legend says that Lincoln freed all the slaves.

All but in the science departments of universities.

There graduate students still slave to accidentally discover unexpectedly important things ---- which their supervisors and their pets often take up as their own.

In 1928 Henry Dawson experienced a variant of this.

wartime Penicillin : patent or parable ?

Dr Henry Dawson deliberately and uncharacteristically 'reached' well beyond his professional grasp, when during the worst weeks of WWII he resolved to employ the discounted penicillium slime to save the lives of the equally discounted SBE patients.

His direct actions over the next five years of the war saved a mere handful of lives --- and cost him his life.

But Dawson clearly hoped all along that his highly quixotic actions would be only be understandable to puzzled observers, if seen as a sort of Parable-In-Action.

Symbolic manhattan project's "Parable of Penicillin"

There can be absolutely no doubt about the 'concreteness' of the the atomic Manhattan Project.

Indeed one can argue the specific 1940s term "Manhattan Project" has today morphed into a general shorthand for any sort of immense national effort devoted to one specific end.

The concept seemingly attaches itself to any proposal that potentially involves hundreds of billions of dollars, tens of thousands of scientists and hundreds of thousands of other employees,working in dozens of massive institutions and plants.

Particularly when directed by a broad national consensus that the work needs to be done right and done now --- and hence done big.

Seemingly nothing could be further from this use of the term than Henry Dawson's little Manhattan project, running in the exact same years as the atomic project, in fact operating on the same campuses of the same NYC university.

Radio & TV News : why ?

If I were Prime Minister, Radio and TV News shows and staffers would be gone in a flash.

If humanity lost all its radio and TV news overnight, it won't lose a thing--- just as long as we still had long form texts with pictures in our print media. Even better, long, long form texts and plentifully pictures with a few links to short audio and video clips, available 24/7/365 online.

I loved radio and TV, though I generally never go near them these days. I think they are/were wonderful pipelines for delivering music and movies, sports and live events - even current affairs shows with five pundits yelling at each other.

Radio and TV do emotion and drama wonderfully - but they don't deliver detailed explanations very well. They don't provide the rewinding-ness of video and records and the multi-column-ness of newspapers and magazines.

IV simplicity will win Canada's electoral reform

I really love what Fair Vote Canada is doing but I do think they are taking the wrong approach by simply taking up the century-old term for their side of the electoral reform debate : Proportional Representation or PR.

It sounds mathematical, because it is.

It  also sounds like calculus and complicated.

And difficult and cold hearted and mechanical.

Most kids hate math and most grow up to be voters, who still hate math.

The other side will freely and cheerily admit their voting system is less fair than PR but that it is much less complicated ---- and so will win.

Because the simplest electoral reform proposal will win - make no mistake about that.

But who says we can't make our side, the PR/Fair Vote side, the simplest side ?

We can simply say that in an inclusive society like Canada, we also need inclusive voting : IV instead of PR.

And that in an inclusive society there should be a voice in parliament for every voter.

Full stop.

Make the others defend all their (inherently) complicated exclusivity voting systems.

Why do I say that exclusion voting systems are inherently complicated ?

Because it always takes far less words to say "all welcome" than to say "this is a gated community : no dogs, jews or negroes admitted (all tradesmen use the back door) --- suit and tie/ formal evening wear is required to enter the dining hall --- no women permitted in the smoking and snooker hall."

In terms of grammar, as well as math, the word inclusivity is a sweepingly simple and absolutely inclusive term - in fact the very definition of one.

Inclusivity is like a simple rule while exclusivity is all those pesky complicated exceptions to simple rules.

Exclusivity is that darned fine print at the bottom of every insurance contract.

People hate the policy payment voiding exclusions found in all that small print even worse than they hate math --- if we people on the PR side of life --- and that includes Kelly's crew at Fair Vote - only but give them a chance to....

Libretto for H.S., Church Hall, Community Theatre

I hope to God that future musical versions of IVstat doesn't ever play on Broadway or make a few people very rich.

That would be my personal idea of Hell and an example of total abject failure.

I always intended this blog's contents (and the relatively few blog posts that form a formal linear narrative) to merely form the 'back story' to a fire-starting "closet libretto" about Henry Dawson's inclusivity visions.

So I certainly hope many other people, around the world, try making Dawson's globe-changing but intimate WWII epic struggle into a full musical.

And I definitely hope that the most successful and best loved IVstat musicals are PD (public domain) and put on by amateurs ; people doing it for love, like Henry Dawson himself.

Performed in high school, college and university auditoriums, in church and legion halls ; put on by kids in school and by adults in community theatre.

I hope only that the musical entertains, moves and uplifts while making viewers seriously question their own potential ethical behavior in times of global crisis.

Like our looming ecological disaster.

Along the lines of, "now what would Henry do ?"

Emotional Core of IVstat

A dying doctor enlists excluded helpers to save the lives of excluded patients, hoping his small example of medical 'inclusivity' might challenge the policies of exclusion found on all sides of WWII. Against all odds, it does.

Trudeau forces voters to "CHEAT" on the party they love

Does the Canadian Liberal Party push for AV really mean a move to "Adultery" Voting ?

It better not, because to adapt a phrase from long long ago, 'the Trudeau government has no place in the bedrooms of the national ballot box'.

A voter should always have the right to vote for the party or candidate of their first choice.

But a supposed reform of Canada's electoral system, moving to the Rank Ballot and the AV (Adultery Voting) scheme, as favoured by the Trudeau Liberals, would effectively remove that right - virtually forcing voters to cheat on their favourite party and to see their second, third, four or fifth choice take top place instead.

Instead of simply having false majorities created in the governing party's large total seat count versus their smaller total vote count, this adultery voting would ensure new but totally false majorities are created for the ultimate winners in about two thirds of Canada's MP districts.

The system is designed to favour centrist parties in three party systems split left right and centre.

It is designed to favour the Canadian Liberals.

And it forces most voters to cheat on the party they really favour.

It is sleazy and dirty....

How would Jesus have made WWII penicillin ?

Ethical systems aren't usually advocated solely on the basis that they produce 'better outcomes' than other ethical systems.

But what if one claims that a system of ethics is based on the behavior of the tiny, weak and primitive microbes, who have survived all that the Universe has thrown at them for 4 billion years?

Double V campaign called for a more inclusive WWII Victory

The Double V campaign, mounted by a relatively small number of black journalists for a relatively short time during WWII, is generally considered a failure at the time ---- despite its subsequent fame.

But Henry Dawson's contemporary effort to see abundant natural penicillin produced for all was much more successful, then and now, in changing hearts towards a much inclusive view of humanity and nature.

Though very little attention was ever shone upon it - back then and even today....

projecting the future, BALLISTICALLY, during WWII

Scientists never ever say mea culpa - they just re-label the big mistakes of earlier scientists as 'pseudo' science.

They dab the mess with some of that orange stuff that stings, give you a kiss and a cookie and croon softly, "all better now ?"

And you definitely better say, "yes mommy."

One of their biggest ever mistakes was High Modernity, that bundle of certitudes that gave us a century of state-organized mass killings, done by people who just knew they were doing the right thing.

Nazi Hunger Politics, Gesine Gerhard - a review

I have read a handful of books that focus on food in WWII because I have always sensed that much of the world was hungry through out some or all of the war, almost all because of man-made decisions.

And that tens and tens of millions died from those man-made hungers.

Interestingly, all these books have been written by women, including the latest one I am currently reading, NAZI HUNGER POLITICS, by Gesine Gerhard.

the ACCIDENTIAL Manhattan Project

 I can't say I was exactly wrong the last eight years to emphasize how different from the much more famous (atomic) Manhattan Project was Henry Dawson's own tiny wartime Manhattan project, involving a little of his homegrown penicillin and a handful of SBE patients.

But I do now think I got it far more right the first time I test-drove the idea of 'comparing and contrasting' the penicillin and atomic Manhattan Projects, back about nine years ago.

For my point then was - my point now is - that both the atomic and penicillin projects started off as very small fry indeed and only became huge when the Allied governments (atomic) or the world's public (penicillin) adopted them as their own.

Dawson's Burrs - Part Two

During the inter-war period and for long time afterwards, medical researchers who wanted to fit inside (and more importantly, rise inside) their profession's norms focussed exclusively on studying virulent microbes and treating acute illnesses.

But right from the start, at two of the world's top medical research centres (Rockefeller Hospital and Columbia Presbyterian Hospital), Henry Dawson defied those norms, taking a wide 'inclusive' view of research possibilities that took him well outside the medical Pale.

And ten billion and counting of us, since 1940, have had better lives, because he chose to do so.

Dawson's burrs - physically small / symbolically big

Part I : the SBEs

Dr Henry Dawson's (non-publicized) decision to quietly inject a truly tiny amount of his homegrown version of an impure and untested new medicine, into two no-account patients in a near empty hospital, surely qualifies as one of the clearest possible examples of a journalistic non-story.

Particularly when set against the really big news story on that same day, October 16 1940 : America's first ever peacetime draft registration.

But yet the sum of an event's symbolic impact can be far larger than its small physical presence - that historical first ever injection of a life-saving antibiotic still echoes down to us today.

Some burr, some saddle

Dr Henry Dawson had never given a single solitary thought to making natural penicillin in industrial pilot plant quantities or of curing the incurable SBE with the same -- until he had had more than his fill of the overheard (and highly irritable) table talk of his colleagues, in the six critical months between May and October 1940.

WWII's nadir : May - October 1940

Most people consider the tense days and nights of the Blitz to be the low point of the war.

But military historians point to the period between the fall of Singapore and the fall of Tobruk as the lowest point in the war, when the huge British empire was joined by the huge Russian and American empires but the larger Allies still suffered reversal after reversal from the smaller Axis.

I think the actual moral low point was the period between the collapse of the British French front lines in May 1940 and October 1940, when it became apparent to all that the Germans had "postponed" their sea invasion of the UK.

semen in the ear : CP/CBC talk FPTP

Whenever Canada's CBC and CP media outlets use a meaningless phrase like "well established democracies"  you know they are about to frack you in your ear.

On June 17th of this year, a CP story re-posted on the CBC said that FPTP was 'the most common voting system in the world' .

A claim at more variance with the truth is hard to imagine.

Justin's 'reformed' ballot choice is RANK

New Canadian PM Justin Trudeau wants to defeat the persistent calls that 'every vote in Canada finds a voice in Parliament' by quickly moving to a rank ballot system (aka AV) that will only benefit centrist parties like his Liberals.

This is fully consist with the Liberals' belief that they are Canada's natural governing party and any means to that end are morally justified.

Helpers & Helpees Beyond the Pale

Dr Henry Dawson, seemingly so meek and so mild, so the 'Clem Atlee of medicine research' among all the alpha males occupying the upper reaches of the Allied scientific effort.

Or was the terminally ill Henry Dawson really a quietly and deeply subversive 'Inside Agitator' ?

Iraq/TPP : MSM missing in (non) action, AGAIN

We do not actually have a Fourth Estate, that much talked up and supposedly highly independent fourth voice set against the executive, legislative and judicial branches of every nation.

Not in the mainstream media (MSM) anyway, as a recent example out of Canada's election again reveals.

fermenting the SCIENCE of inclusion

In the Fall of 1940, few people would have used the word "inclusion", fewer people were wholeheartedly practising it and no one - besides Henry Dawson - were defending it for its evolutionary virtues.

Trudeau : 4 Sikhs but zero Blacks, East Asians

Canada talks a talk that it is inclusive --- but its federal Cabinet don't walk the inclusive walk .

In having ministers who are also representative of some large and historically underrepresented minorities, the new Trudeau cabinet is actually less advanced than the earlier and supposedly 'WASP gated community' Harper cabinet.

IV is the wampum* of initials

What does the letter "V" mean in my term IV ?

Henry Dawson: Fermenting IV, STAT !

Historians of medicine and science, to the small extent that they care at all about it, have never had any problem deciding what in the name of God Dr Henry Dawson was up to, back in the Fall of 1940 seventy five years ago.

But I think they got it completely wrong. And this blog is the result of my doubts - the forum for expressing all my doubts --- and proving them up.

IV : Inclusive Voices in Legislatures

It is never enough just to allow everybody to vote.

Not if we then deliberately set up the rules of our electoral system to ensure that generally only well to do candidates from parties representing the well to do voters win virtually all the seats in the resulting legislature.

'Inclusive Election' : exclusion vote

Halifax, Canada says it wants to follow many other municipal government worldwide and let every permanent resident - not just Canadian citizens - vote in municipal elections.

Stifle your praise.

Because while most people in Halifax don't vote and only a tiny portion of the pitiful portion who do bother to vote actually see their vote represented by a voice at the municipal council chamber, the non-voters at least have a legitimate excuse.

IV (inclusive voting) is WALK of the talk

Like all of the world's Anglo Saxon democracies, Canadian citizens talk a lot of talk about how their nation is a very inclusive society.

But I have been monitoring the comments under news stories about the new Canadian government's promise to end FPTP voting in time for the next election and I don't believe their talk.

Narrow vs Wide Generosity

Vertical inheritance, the sort of lawyer's Will written to give your estate away only to your closest family and friends, is narrow generosity by any definition.

It works the way we humans and all larger species pass on our genome : narrowly indeed --- only to blood children.

IV Internationale, IVI

This planet needs, STAT ! , a loosely interconnected international citizens' movement to promote inclusive values, above all in the voting systems in all the old line climate-denying nations still excluding most voters from having a voice in government.

l'Internationale pour Valeurs Inclusive, Inclusive Valeurs Internationale, International Inclusive Values, or IVI for short.

An International vision of inclusive values and inclusive voting ...

Trudeau,George III, 'virtual representation'

In King George III's day, the era of the American Revolution, only 3% of Britons (and no colonists) could vote for the Parliament that taxed them and the 97% sought to remind George III that they "wanted in".

Shades of today's Canadians reminding Justin Trudeau that "the 2/3 that didn't vote for him wants In !"

HFAx2 : IV pour une planete troublee

Is my blog title fully bilingual, in that oh so tiresome Canadian way where basically the same words are repeated twice over with only a few additional "e"s and accents ?

God no !

HFAx2 : IV for a planet troubled, the blog's title, is rendered only in English ---- but its English-only words and syntax has been carefully chosen to be understandable by any francophone.

As the title to this particular post suggests, I could have just as easily decided to render it in French, without fearing that anglophones couldn't understand it...

IV for a troubled world - 100% solution - stat

The 1/3 solution simply isn't strong enough to save our troubled world, already facing the sad human consequences, in ports all along the African shore of the Mediterranean, of global warming and species / habitat loss.

THIS Trudeau wants to hustle...your vote

Remember just how often much ballyhooed "reforms" turn out to be a big step backwards, not a small step forward?

FPTP nations : false majorities & war coalitions

The very worst nations on earth at building inclusive coalitions to quickly and properly solve a global crisis - to judge by their (non) actions during the last global crisis (WWII) and the current global crisis (global warming and species loss) - are our oldest democracies.

Mark of an inclusive society is inclusive voting

The hallmark of any society that claims to be truly inclusive is IV, inclusive voting systems that are truly open to the diversity of voter choice, truly open to supporting the diversity of humanity.

Only then can that society also fairly claim to be truly open to supporting and protecting the diversity of Nature.

35% support, 50% voting = 100% power

Calls for a more inclusive, Big Tent, society have been timeless.

Women wanted in, Immigrants, Aboriginals and Visible Minorities wanted in, the Physically Challenged and LGBT wanted in, Youth wanted in.

The West wanted in.

They all got in.

And now it is the turn of the 2/3 of voters who find no voice in Parliament for their vote.

"The 2/3 wants in !"

The inspiration for HFAx2

As a kid, I was convinced WWII only ended because the small penicillin molds began saving kids faster than the Big People could bomb or burn them.

And why not?

As an adult, I discovered that Dr Henry Dawson and Dr Josef Mengele, from vastly opposing moral positions, had totally upended pre-war notions of "Progress" and put the fatal post into Modernity.

When does media say 39% is not a majority ?

In the case of Canada, it is whenever the NDP or the Bloc or (heavens !) the Greens - and not the traditional two biggest/oldest parties - gets a majority of the legislative seats, based upon 39% or less of the popular vote.

Yet in fact, the last true majority at the Canadian national level was almost sixty years ago (!!!!), when Conservative John Diefenbaker got support from 54% of the 80% of the electors who turned out to vote.

voter civil rights - or voter CIVIL DISO

Inclusive societies that care about all their citizens and an inclusive world that cares about all lifeforms begin with an IV (inclusive) voting system that secures proportional representation in parliament for all voters.

The environment needs IV and stat !

Civil Rights for voters ?

For over two hundred years inclusion-minded humanity has assumed that merely extending the right to vote to this or that group (the middle class then working class then women then minorities then the young) was the limits of the possible civil rights for voters.

NS: Green 4.3%, NDP 6.0%

As dismal as Nova Scotians' votes were for the fourth place Greens in this week's Canadian election, the third place party, the NDP, wasn't granted much more.

If the Green Party's leadership and 90% of its membership weren't totally obsessed with propping up FPTP by electing 16 MPs on just 5% of the national vote, Greens in NS might actually have capture some third place finishes over the NDP....

Why Elizabeth May should resign

The Tories are doing it, the Bloc is doing it, the NDP should be doing it - and so too should the Greens.

Maybe even the birds and the bees are doing it, too. (Ooops - that's Makin' Whoopee !)

Time for all the grey haired Baby Boomers at the top of each of those parties to pass on the reins of power to a new generation of Tories, BQs, NDPers and Greens, as this week's successful Liberals have already done.

Elizabeth May's Plan to Save FPTP !

You could kiss goodbye any hope for Proportional Representation (PR) voting in Canada, ever, if Green Party leader Elizabeth May's plan to elect 16 Green MPs in the recent Canadian election had succeeded.

For if the party could elect that many MPs (mostly from BC) and thus win crucial "Official Party Status" in Parliament, on a national vote of only about five percent*, why continue the fight for PR voting ?

*Five percent nationally made up of about 35% of the vote in 16 ridings and about 3% in other 310 ridings, and about 7% in the remaining few.

If FPTP is so self evidently not broke, others could then ask, 'why then fix it, Ms May ?!'

"NEW" democrat Mulcair in '50s apparatchik suit

An astute Conservative political observer I know urgently phoned me about a year ago to tell me of his unfavourable impressions of Canadian Leader of the Opposition Tom Mulcair's style of dress.

He felt it (and it alone) was going to kill Mulcair's party's chances at the next Canadian general election.

(To remind future historians: Tom Mulcair was the former leader of Canada's permanently in third place democratic socialist party.)

'Climate Deniers' & Trudeau's AV voting

Brand new PM-elect Justin Trudeau got elected partially by advocating a shift to AV voting, simply because it appeared to address growing popular calls for fairer elections but actually would only increase the number of 'false majorities' long enjoyed by his Liberal Party.

But post-coitus, voters should realize that virtually all leading climate deniers are as pro FPTP/AV as Trudeau and then ask themselves, Why?

FPTP's "political climate" destroys real Climate

A toxic political climate is inevitably produced by FPTP voting because this system awards winner-take-all aggression directed against the parties that (ironically) are closest to your party in values.

"The Two Thirds want IN, not AV"

Any Canadian prime minister with a majority of the seats in Canada's parliament is probably the most powerful figure in democratic politics anywhere in the world but all that power is (ironically/perversely) based upon the narrowest victories at the ballot box in the whole world !

One Third Solution not strong enough

The strongest restraint on serious movement to end climate change is the fact that 1% of the population, in every nation, controls the vast majority of the dynamic investment capital and hence controls the economy and restrains any bold government action.

Civil Disobedience to secure electoral PR ?

Some of the world's leading nations are without proportional representation (PR) in their parliamentary electoral system. They also, by no coincidence, lead the way in opposing real action to prevent the sixth extinction and runaway global warming.

Coalitions, not Guns, won WWII

In the end, WWII was decided for the Allies only because the Axis coalition (cum gated community) proved to be much smaller than that of the Allies and very much less united.

The One Percent's solution is not strong enough

Our planet's biosphere is in a hell of a mess and the solutions proposed by The One Percent aren't strong enough to clean it up.

(Particularly as The One Percent is exactly who got us into this disaster in the first place !)

'Help From All : Hope For All' (HFA : HFA) (HFAx2)

We need to urgently crowd source possible fixes - we need the new ideas that only a full-strength 'one hundred percent solution' can provide.

We need the human equivalent of the microbes' HGT - we need everybody helping each other collectively find some answers to our global crisis.

We can't overlook a possible humanity-saving solution just because the person with the idea wears a niqab, or might be a three year old terrorist bobbing on a Turkish beach, or isn't from 'Old Stock'.

Solutions to humanity's crisis can't be a gated community , with everybody given an Aryan Level Three blood test before being allowed inside.

Because, after all, the benefits of success will help us all.

And the fallout from failure will drift down on all of us too.

Make  "Help From All : Hope For All"  your favourite meme...

Marrying a woman without seeing her face ?!

If granting citizenship to niqab wearing (but previously bare face revealing) woman makes grown men wet their pants, just try imagining a grown man marrying a woman who doesn't show her face until the priest says "you may now kiss the bride" after the legal and religious part of the ceremony had concluded.

Mis-reporting bacterial resistance

Too many popular science journalists badly mis-report the reasons why bacterial resistance to a brand new antibiotic can be widespread in even the remotest parts of the world only a few years later.

Draft, Antibiotics : 75 Years Young Today !

On October 16th 1940, seventy five years ago today, began two world-shaking processes that have continued ever since --- processes so important that one must ask why then that the MSM (mainstream media) is still ignoring these important twin anniversaries.

Read Green, as well as vote it?

Like all green minded voters, I am forced to read the bad news of the daily gutting of the planet (on the front page) from the very media corporations leading the intellectual charge promoting that gutting (on their business and editorial pages).

They are DINOSAURS --- and we all know the survival track record of past dinosaur groups - why should these dinosaurs' advice prove anymore sage ?

Lady Montagu jumps Harper's bones

The sight of millions of western men fearing that the young lady behind her niqab is going to suicide bomb them is very very new, historically speaking.

Don't vote Trudeau : crack, whores, gutted PD

Okay, so its just Stephen Harper and twelve million Canadian Conservative voters tripping out on bad acid that actually believe that Justin Trudeau and the Liberals will open suburban government brothels and force corner stores to sell "illegal" drugs and needles.

But Trudeau gutting PD like a fish --- that's all 110% true.

Higher Tolerance or Higher Taxes

Here in Nova Scotia taxes are very high mostly because a shrinking taxpayer base (the young gone west, the rest mostly retirees) must pay to maintain a vast and priceless resource : the sunk costs in expenditures made to human infrastructure, during over five hundred years of European settlement.

Disunity of Science

If you believe that a small simple fixed set of laws of nature governs everything and everyone in the Cosmos, now, in the past and in the future (and I don't*) then it follows we can reduce each and every problem or crisis down to one - and only one - correct solution.

Physically small but Morally big

Despite its nickname, the other ("Big Tent") Manhattan Project was actually physically quite small, but morally as big as could be.

ConBloc axis of evil

Polls today are suggesting that Stephen Harper might win as many as 150 seats, Gilles Duceppe as many as twenty seats - combined (and combined they will be, if only momentarily) they form a bare majority in the Canadian parliament !

The Unsavable & the Unspeakable

One can have easily predicted that Dawson's wartime Manhattan Project would (a) seek to help the much neglected chronically ill among the minority poor by (b) using similarly neglected microbes to do so.

Big Tent coalitions must exceed their grasp

Every metaphorical 'Big Tent solution' or 'Big Tent coalition' is really very much like the original and distinctly physical circus Big Tent.

'Sharing like a Microbe'

Sharing is not something we ever associate with germs - we think it is us contagious humans who share the infectious diseases caused by germs.

Open Source Genetics

Charles Darwin was the first person to ever use the legal term "inheritance" to describe the passing of (parts of) both parents genomes down to their natural children.

Darwin's unexpectedly smooth success with his theories of Evolution came about because he let the upper class middle class - people like himself - have their cake and eat it too.

His theory reconciled the competing values of social stability versus social mobility, at a time of heightened social instability in Victorian England.

Basically the upper middle class wanted enough social mobility to let their family rise to the top and then enough social stability to let them stay there forever !

On average, the many children of typical Victorian parents who had earned their wealth the hard way, held onto their exalted social position in the second generation merely because of their parents' wealth, rather than through all of them emulating their parents' brains and work ethic.

And this made the Victorian society very uncomfortable.

But now these kids could claim that they had inherited dad's genetic strength in brainpower and work power, not merely his money, and use this to account for their exalted social status.

His genes made them the fittest and it was his genes, not his money, than made their survival at the top of the social scale a inevitable fact of natural law.

To repeat, in the vertical form of genetics as practised by all life but the microbes, Mom and Dad's superior genes were not for global sharing, but for their natural children alone.

Inheritance talk extended to copyrights and patents 

In the same way, any inventions those superior genes might dream up remained their inventor's alone - in the form of copyrights, patents and brand trademarks.

Narrow, vertical inheritance of genes and patents: the genetics and the economics of exclusion.

Those that had power kept right on gaining more power - those who had money kept right on making more money.

A self-replicating aristocracy : gated community genetics : the one percent, the WASPs.

Thinking Like A Macrobe

But in a time of global crisis (say WWII or climate change) relying upon the brains and hard work of just the one percent may be a recipe for global disaster : we need the brains and hard work of all of the other 99%.

So should humans look to Nature, pick between the vertical "gated" genetics of the dinosaurs or the horizontal "open source" genetics of the microbes ?

The 'Appeal to Nature' , the claim that something comes from Nature, to support a human "should" argument, is always intellectually suspect.

Philosophers call this appeal a Fallacy, one of their worst sins in the practise of argumentation.

But if we nevertheless politely insist that we should at least look at the statistical evidence from nearly four billion years of Life on Earth, we can see that statistically, the giant dinosaurs were much much less successful in evolutionary terms than the tiny microbes.

We them must struggle to account for this unexpected result that seemingly refutes the claim that 'Bigger is always Better' and 'God always on the side of the Big Battalions'.

It won't hurt, I argue, for us to see if the very different forms of genetic inheritance between these two types of beings might account for their widely varying success rate in times of global crisis.

A global crisis, I would argue, is not normal - by definition.

Normal, conventional, ways of thinking, normal conventional leaders just can't adapt quick enough or engage deeply enough.

HGT

We need to pull in all the oddball ideas from all the oddballs out there - just as the microbes do when crisis and stress makes them deliberately get careless in their DNA copying - suddenly producing lots of totally new mutated genes.

In sufficient numbers, one of those many oddball new genes will produce the needed solution.

Next, the individual microbes release these new genes into the environment for any other microbe to take up, adapt or to pass on in turn to other microbes.

And so forth - its called HGT.

And HGT has let the microbes live almost four billion years here on Earth. 

By contrast, the dinosaurs, like the WASP one percent who run our world today, could only act in times of crisis in the narrow silos of conventional rote.

But truly new ideas come from truly new people.

"Yes, and not our kind of people," sniffs the one percent as they quickly reject these ideas, simply because they came from a woman wearing a niqab.

"Thinking Like A Microbe"

So only the growing Open Source movement, which basically by-passes the mental gatekeeping of the one percent, lets the ideas of the other 99% see the light of day and spread via the internet all around the world, to anyone who can use and improve upon them.

Only by moving to Open Source thinking, only by 'thinking like a microbe', will we solve our environmental crisis and help prevent the sixth mass extinction.

If not, prepare to quickly become the next dinosaurs, Humanity !

Open Source 'artisan' penicillin

Dr Henry Dawson well understood that creating a "Big Tent coalition of all possible talents" to win the moral and military war against the Axis really meant letting the small and the powerless inside the tent, both as those to be helped and those doing the helping.

After all everybody knew that the big and the powerful were already inside the tent, were always already there.

Dawson had already selected those he felt would be a potent symbol of those not being helped in the Axis+Allied rush to deify the big and the fit over the small and the unfit.

SBE patients from working class minorities, considered to be unworthy of any scarce wartime medical care : the very '4Fs of the 4Fs'.

Dawson's next decision was to employ the tiny penicillium cells to make his pioneering systemic penicillin, instead of using man-made artificial penicillin made in huge factories.

This also would be serve as a potent symbol of what good can happen when small helpers were allowed to join the war effort.

Finally Dawson knew the that the resulting natural penicillin made by the small penicillium could be made by small teams of researchers on the cheap.

And thus they could remain independent of government, university and foundation authorities trying to centralize all penicillin research into one big group-thinking agency such as had happened with atomic research.

Natural penicillin could do this for two reasons : one technical and the other legal.

It proved much easier and certainly much cheaper to make clinical natural penicillin on a very small"artisan" scale (ultimately even on an ordinary domestic kitchen table) than to try to synthesize it with a mess of pungent and dangerous chemicals in high pressure, high temperature chemical reactors.

Most importantly, natural penicillin was inherently open source and PD (public domain) : it could not be patented and hence controlled by Big Pharma and Big Government (as happened with atomic research).

Any medical researcher in the world who truly cared about saving the dying right now (never as many as you might think) could make clinical natural penicillin and for a time in late 1943 and early 1944, it seemed they all were.

Small patients, small helpers from Nature, small human helper teams : working together to give a war-torn world the best possible boon : the gift of life.

Penicillin certainly helped the Allied military effort, though less than the myth claims.

However its biggest effect was on the longstanding Allied effort to create a 'moral coalition' of all the world's people against the evil of the Axis ideology.

In late 1943, the Allies began to fly some of their now abundant natural penicillin (thanks to Dawson and Pfizer) around the world to save the lives of small children in Neutral countries.

This act finally convinced a hitherto skeptic world about the Allies' moral worthiness.

Now that they finally saw some flesh put on the Allies' high blown but hollow rhetoric of their moral superiority over the Axis.

If penicillin had been patented like the atomic bomb, this pax penicillia would never have left the starting gate in WWII.

Chalk another one up for the virtues, practical and moral, of the open source movement ...

Gated Hate and Boundless Hope

When Canada's first elected Jewish politician, Ezekiel Hart, tried to take his seat in Parliament back in 1808, he was kicked out - something was covering his head, the more conservative minded MPs complained.

But Jews are still in Canada, still running for Parliament.

As are Moslems.

And the country is better off for having both of them here.

Hate (shoutout to Stephen Harper !) is a gated community, an inbred, idea-less, declining community.

Instead, to sustain hope of human survival, humanity must adopt the 'share and share alike' microbial HGT attitude to possible solutions.

We can't actually take up the microbial 'Horizontal Gene Transfers' method, but the human equivalent is equally good, albeit social/cultural in nature rather than genetic.

 Call our form of HGT,  'Human "Gen" Transfers'.

Words like Open Access and Public Domain must replace the use of excessive copyrights, patents and brandnames to control and destroy possible solutions to our looming environmental crisis.

But to make it work as well as the microbes' proven survival success via their HGT, humanity must know no frontiers, borders, barriers or gates.

We must become a Big Tent Coalition of all possible talents, seeking any and every possible solution, regardless of what headdress the proposer is wearing...

Hate's frontiers keeps new ideas out

Briton (cum Canadian cum American) Anglo Saxon Supremacist Peter Brimelow and Australian (cum British cum Canadian) dog whistle wedge electioneer Lynton Crosby are the past and present intellectual inspirations for Canadian politician Stephen Harper.



As Conservative Prime Minister, Harper is currently leading the meanest, nastiest, most hate-filled election campaign in his country in almost 100 years.

One has to go back to an earlier Conservative Prime Minister led campaign, that of the wartime election of 1917 , to find such bile and naked hatred.

That too was an election campaign based upon racist definitions of just who was or was not a 'real Canadian' and was deliberately designed to set the vast country's religions, ethnicities, regions, classes and genders at each others' throats.

To Prime Minister Borden's government, conservative middle class WASPs could be trusted to be patriotic --- but everyone else were suspect.

Ironically, it took almost seventy years before some sections of Canada began to trust the Conservative Party itself again.

The Canadian who won't receive a Nobel Prize : Aylan Kurdi

There is one fundamental reason why America, a nation about the same size as Canada, has about a million times more intellectual and cultural impact upon the world : its historic attitude to incoming new ideas.

For all its many many faults, America remains much more open to new ideas and that means they must - however reluctantly - also be open to the new people who hold them.

That American attitude now has to go international if humanity is to survive the immense global climate and environmental crisis it has created for itself and Mother Nature.

No, take that back.

What's called for is a far far Bigger Big Tent than that.

We need to look at how microbial HGT, a truly frontier-less approach to (literally !) 'taking up' new ideas has kept the microbes on Earth for almost four billion years.

Surviving almost four billion years worth of truly global disasters on a scale that humanity has thankfully been, so far, unable to imitate.

Perhaps the tiny, stupid, helpless bugs are onto something...

Digital Niqabs of angry male commentators

What names and personalities lies behind the physical niqabs of the few young women who wear them in public in Canada ?


Hard to tell.

What names and personalities lie behind the virtual cum digital niqabs adopted by hundreds of thousands of (the usually) angry men who have taken to the comments sections of online media to rail against physical niqabs ?

Even harder to tell.

I grew up long after the tradition of  18th and 19th century newspaper "letters to the editor" being signed by obviously made up names to retain the writer's anonymity.

In my youth, letters to the editor displayed the writer's full name, their community name and sometimes even their street address - all carefully confirmed by the paper's editorial staff.

I know well - having written many such letters and having been carefully vetted each time.

But nowadays, using a virtual avatar name is almost universal  for the writers in mass media comment sections ----  or even when signing off on personal Twitter blasts.

And to call a spade a spade in the good old angry white anglo saxon protestant way, those avatars are effectively digital niqabs --- the right wing equivalent of all those Guy Fawkes masks used by left wing protesters on the streets these days.

Now the young women in niqabs are truly trying to remain anonymous - they are not attempting to have their cake and eat it too, retaining their anonymity in public while also claiming to be "the voice of the silent (sic!) majority."

Actually they're now a minority and this is the reason for their angry panicky tone.

Pure Laine WASPs or Quebecers without any mixed ancestry are now as rare as hen's teeth and it isn't due  simply to an inflow of new non-WASP immigrants either.

Rather it is because that since the Sixties, young WASPs, Pure Laines francopones and Aryans all over the world are marrying outside of their ethnic blessed circle.

(As are young Jews too , for that matter - in all ethnic groups, romantic love is trumping parental concerns to keep the bloodlines pure.)

While pure laine WASPs may still be marrying, they're not having many babies - it is  almost easier to get a pair of Pandas to breed than it is to get pure laine WASPs to breed.

Stephen Harper has always maintained that WASP supremacist Peter Brimelow's PATRIOT GAMES was a key influence on his political views and the latest Conservative election ads using niqabs as a wedge issue certainly confirms this.

Irony is generally lost on the Harperites (or in fact on most Canadian journalists) so their use of digital niqabs to rail against physical niqabs has gone completely un-noted....

Open Source equivalents to microbial HGT

There are many reasons for the microbes not just surviving on this planet for four billion years but also dominating it.

For instance, they tolerate individual microbes that many of us would consider 'defective' and 'life unworthy of life' if they were human.

They don't try to remove them via eugenic programs (sorry can't use that term today, I meant of course via genetic programs.)

In fact, in times of existential crisis, they produce way more of these freaks and misfits, hoping against hope that they come up with a new way to survive.

Resting assured that it will be freely and quickly passed from one microbe to another around the world via HGT.

"With help from all, there is hope for all" and the microbes survive their latest crisis to live to see another billion years.

But we primitive 21st century humans are limited to just some of the genome of  Mom and Dad --- we live in the closely guarded genetics of exclusion.

Genes treated as if  private intellectual property.

You know : near-century long copyright lengths, patent wars, billion dollar brand names, hotly defended trade marks, closely licensed logos.

Microbes, by contrast, have a sort of free library card at the global lending library of usually useless but now really useful genes, via a process where genetic material from one individual is dumped in the common living area for all to take up and pass on, freely.

Its called HGT (horizontal gene transfer) and it is the genetics of inclusion.

A human equivalent ?

Public Domain, copyleft, open access, open data, open source.

So, for an example, thanks to Dr Martin Henry Dawson and Pfizer's John l Smith, penicillin was and remains Public Domain : anyone can make it and anyone can buy it and use it to save lives.

Ten billion of us since 1940 better off thanks to a sort of herd immunity this gave us from once endemic fatal infections.

Some microbes and fungi originally spread the ability to make penicillin via HGT.

And even more still spread the ability to resist penicillin, also via HGT.

C'est la vie ...

HGT a model for humanity's survival ?

Incredibly small, usually immobile, fragile bags of mostly water : they hardly sounds like creatures capable of giving advanced human civilization, circa the 21st century, a vital formula for surviving the worst the Cosmos can throw at us.

But for almost four billion years, the supposedly 'stupid' and 'unfit' tiny microbes have not just survived but dominated life on Earth.

I follow people like Dr Martin Henry Dawson and *Dr Lois Almon who, way back before WWII, believed that much of the credit for this unlikely survival success lies in something that these small and the weak creatures have that we big and smart people do not have.

And that is a process we now call HGT, but which Dawson first established under the name of 'bacterial transformation'.

HGT stands for Horizontal Gene Transfers --- 'the genetics of inclusion'.

It usually involves the release of bits of an individual microbe's personal DNA genome into the environment, to be taken up potentially by any other type of microbe near by, who can then pass it on to other species of microbes who are both physically and genetically far more remote from the original individual microbe.

(By contrast, most big creatures can only have access to the DNA genome of their mother and father - not trillions times trillions of other individual microbe genomes.)

The net result is a vast global lending library of survival ideas, with the key concept that every single microbe is both a borrower and an author : "With help from all, there is hope for all".

"What's the Gen ?"

I have a weakness for WWII ER (enlisted ranks) slang and one of the best was the constant question at a time when rumours rather than hard facts dominated life.

ERs from all services generally greeted each other not with "how you doing?" but rather with an urgent "what's the Gen?".

North Americans today in peacetime might re-phrase it as "what's the scoop?", "what's the score?" or "what's the buzz?".

'Gen' was short for information that might be vital for survival, whether merely surviving the chickenshit of daily military life at the rear bases or surviving bad assignments out on the frontlines.

While we humans sometimes pass valuable "Gen" from person to person, microbes have always passed valuable "Genes" from one to another.

Over almost four billion years, microbes have excelled at producing endless numbers of seemingly 'unfit' and useless gene mutations and at allowing microbes with these oddball genes to survive and reproduce - albeit often at less than optimal population levels.

These genes, like all microbe genes, are routinely released into the environment, for all other microbes to potentially take up with HGT.

Most of the time, there is no point to either the mutated new genes or to their takeup by microbe species genetically far away from the species and strain that first produced them.

Antibiotic resistance is merely the best known example of HGT

But when a new crisis suddenly emerges anywhere in the world - say a new deadly antibiotic produced for the benefit of humanity - in only a handful of years all microbe populations around the world have taken up and then 'expressed' a hitherto obscure (but ancient) gene that offers sturdy resistance to this human antibiotic.

But the weird useless/unfit genes can vary all over the map - why bother with a gene that allows microbes to go into a suspended state of existence when the environment freezes over for thousands of years ?

But that turns out to be very useful when the Earth has become a frozen solid iceball, almost overnight, several times in its history.

And so on and so - no environmental crisis in four billion years (and there has been some real hellish ones) has yet succeeded in wiping the microbes out.

By contrast, evolutionary history suggests that big creatures, practising 'the genetics of exclusion', have had no luck surviving even a small environmental crisis.

We aren't going to survive the latest environmental crisis, not unless we give up the dogwhistle scientific politics of first giving everyone offering to help a blood test to find out if they are WASP enough to be taken seriously.

We need a global coalition of all possible talents, need to make the biggest of all possible Big tents, to get us through this crisis.

This blog is all about creating a human equivalent to microbial HGT...

+++++++++++

*Dr Almon thought HGT might account for sudden variations in the nitrogen fixing abilities of bacteria and since almost all life would cease without these efforts, she thought it was well worth looking into.

As a blogger who loves his grub, I fully agree .

+++++++++++

The days when we can afford to let the WASP males, perhaps 1% of the world's population, rule (and ruin) this planet are over.

The crisis we face is such way too big, way to existential.

And the WASPs are fading fast - it sometime seems easier to get two Pandas to breed than to get two WASPs to breed.

Instead  of relying exclusively upon their fading numbers, we need the biggest possible of Big Tents, a coalition of 'all the possible talents', 'all hands on deck', if we are to come up with the creative solutions we so desperately need.

What we don't need is blood tests at every frontier guard post to determine if a person is "Pure Laine" enough, Aryan enough, WASP enough, before being allowed in to make their case.

Good ideas that will let humanity survive for a few more thousand years can emerge just as well from under niqabs as those that leisurely filter out from the gated communities and exclusive country clubs.

Nobel to NS-born Dal grad

It is fair to say that Canadian-born scientists have had fewer than expected Nobel Prizes in physics - only two.

Both, interestingly enough, were awarded to scientists born in tiny Nova Scotia.


The latest Nova Scotian Nobel winner, Arthur B MacDonald, was born in Sydney and got his B.Sc and M.Sc at Dalhousie University in Halifax.

Dalhousie, which will be marking two hundred years of existence in 2018, is certain to prominently mention MacDonald's Nobel prize as among its achievements over the centuries.

Hopefully, it will also mention the Manhattan-based project of another Dalhousie graduate, Martin Henry Dawson, in its celebrations.

Dawson's pioneering research in revealing the unexpectedly sophisticated abilities of supposedly stupid 'unfit' microbes (HGT,Quorum Sensing etc) and his pioneering efforts to research treatments for the then much neglected chronically ill 'unfit' came together in this wartime project.

Dawson hoped to see wartime penicillin provided-for-all, even for the 'unfit', much against the wishes of the Allied scientific and political hierarchy to only use it for the 'fit'.

And he planned to do so by using 'unfit' microbes rather than 'fit' humans to make it, again very much against the wishes of the Allied hierarchy.

Dawson was dying himself all through this period from a fatal and chronic disease and was pushing his project basically all alone.

Metaphorically turning an ocean liner around, on a dime, is never easy - and the ocean liner that was the Allied war effort in WWII was probably the biggest ocean line of all time.

But this stubborn and brilliant scientist did just that : by 1944, the Allied high command was dancing to his tune when it came to both the production and distribution of wartime penicillin.

His combination of scientific smarts and high moral intent represented, I believe, the best of what Dalhousie traditionally hoped to instil into its graduates...

Allies most reluctant to let the small help out

Dawson offered 'hope for all' --- with 'help from all'

The WASP patricians (FDR and Churchill among many) running the Allied show during WWII could find it embarrassingly hard at times to bend down to help small and weak peoples in desperate need.
But at least this wartime task fitted in with their peacetime traditional notions of patrician obligation to extend charity to others.

What they and their ilk couldn't accept at all was the truly radical idea of accepting charity offers from the weak and the small designed to help them, the rich powerful leaders of rich powerful nations, not to lose the war against the Axis.

So they'd repeatedly indicated they would rather lose the war to fellow white man (Hitler) than win it with masses of darkie infantry troops.

'Share the wealth' with the small via a meagre trickle down, was always much more to their taste than to fully share responsibilities (and power) with the small.

At first glance, Dr Martin Henry Dawson's wartime Manhattan-based project to try and save 'the least of these' in medical priority lists, 'the 4Fs of the 4Fs' (the young patients dying from SBE) seemed to fit in well with the patricians' notions of charity to the weak and small.

This despite the fact that it involved saving a category of patients that the patricians of the medical elite had already decided would be among the first to die by 'benign neglect', as they began triaging the priorities in the Allied war medicine effort.

But Dawson also totally rejected the medical consensus to wait for a medicine made by the white man, even if it only came after the war, rather than use medicine made by Nature's 'darkies of the darkies', the tiny microbes.

He gladly turned to them instead and these small and weak beings successfully made the medicine that saved both the small and weak in wartime and also the healthiest, wealthiest and most powerful among us in peacetime : natural penicillin.

Eighty five years later, we're still waiting for White Man's artificial penicillin and the little darkie bugs are still making natural penicillin and all the other beta lactam antibiotics that form the bulk of our defences against fatal infectious diseases.

If we had instead waiting for the WASPs to get their act together, most of us would have died on infections by now....

Other Manhattan Project is *still* not finished

In late 1943, many people all over the Allied world rightly got very furious when they realized that the new hope that lifesaving penicillin represented was only going to unfaithful husbands and boyfriends who had got a dose of the clap overseas.

Hope without Frontiers

For Dr Henry Dawson's Manhattan-based 'penicillin-for-all' Project which began in the Fall of 1940 actually hoped to do two 'good things', first do something good for all of the small of the world and secondly, to do good by also inviting in all the small of the world to help make it happen.

All this really to make a much larger point to the Allied leadership.

That point was that a military-only approach to defeating the Axis wasn't likely to work, if the Allied coalition remained as small as it was in 1940 and remained as non committal as it was in putting its back into it.

In addition then, the Axis needed to be combatted, the Allies rallied and the Neutrals brought on side by also fighting on the moral front.

And here the world was quite rightly cynical that all of Winston Churchill's high sounding radio rhetoric and all the paper behind FDR's Atlantic Charter was really just 100% NATO : no action, talk only. 

But a "Big Tent" approach, one that honestly sought to invite in all the small and the weak in the world into the Allied effort, as helpers and as people to be helped, would remove that impression.

Penicillin diplomacy, the flying of penicillin around the world to save lives, regardless of their race, gender or social status, would be the quickest (and frankly, the cheapest) way to make that claim credible.

Dawson's unwavering conviction came from his belief that his scientific results was superior to that of the current "pop science" consensus.

That consensus basically held to a view, however cloaked in soft sawder and velvet, of the 'survival of the fit', that might was always right, bigger was always better, God always on the side of the Big Battalions.

This consensus gave anyone of empathy and conscience the resigned sense that, regrettably, the small were Nature's inevitable losers and couldn't be saved even with the best will in the world.

Dawson felt he had a new explanation (what we today call HGT) as to why the small (microbes) were still around two billion years later while the mighty (dinosaurs, for example) were but a passing flash in Nature's pan.

Basically HGT, to put it into human terms, was as if the microbes opened up the biggest of Big Tents in times of crisis, rather than running blood tests on the few they trusted to fight the fight (the human and Allied/Axis approach).

HGT allowed genes traditionally viewed as 'useless' and unused by human researchers, say the ones to allow microbes to resist an antibiotic, to spread very rapidly among all the various and very different microbes species - horizontally.

As result no microbe species is at all pure, all are totally mixed hybrids - and judging by two billion years of survival, all the better for it !

(I might add that the extended penicillin family genes also spread, via HGT, from bacteria to bacteria and then into the fungus family as well.)

Penicillin without borders

Think of HGT as spreading hope throughout the entire microbe world, regardless of borders or frontiers.

It might just be the meme we need to adopt today if the Earth and humanity is to survive human created ecological disaster....

Are WASPs saving or savaging the Earth?

The world's environmental problems are way too big for 5% (or is it 4% or less ?) of the world's population who are WASPs (people like good old like Chip and Buffy down at the old country club) to solve all by themselves.

In fact I think one can argue that it was the WASPs who initially caused most of those problems.

The Republicans' mentally-gated community 

But the Republican Party, the Canadian Conservative party and other fellow travellers aren't dealing with these pressing environmental and climate issues.

They're too busy instead trying to shore up the privileged positions still held by the dwindling number of WASPs in the global Anglosphere and in North West Europe.

Its hopeless really, right from the start, mostly because the WASPs aren't breeding anymore - down to one or none kids per couple.

We simply can't afford to let 5, 4, 3 or 2 percent of the world's brains dominate the solutions to problems that their forebears largely caused.

Conflict of interest, for a start.

But, moreover, what the Earth really needs is a Big Tent of all possible talents working up a set of possible solutions, not some half-baked scheme casually thrown together over drinks inside a shrinking mentally-gated community of aging WASPs.

Because perhaps the best single solution to our global climate disaster might have been inside the head of a little three year old 'terrorist' that the Canadian Conservative Party won't let in and instead left to drown on a Turkish beach...

Red niqab, Orange hair, Harper blue tattoos

The right to wear kool-aid Orange hair, harper Blue tattoos up and down your arms, Green safety pins or a bright Red niqab  ---- I support  a girl's 'right to party' , anyway she wants to

And if I help lose an election for saying that, so be it -------- so fracking be it.

For a truly 'big tent' country should know no frontiers .....

Dawson's 'Penicillin without Frontiers'

If Vannevar Bush and Winston Churchill had had their way, penicillin would have become a secret and exclusive weapon of war, just as DDT and atomic energy became during WWII.

But penicillin escaped this fate, thanks to Dr Martin Henry Dawson's "Big Tent"  Manhattan Project.

Dawson thought that natural penicillin - cheap abundant "PD" penicillin - should be made available to all in the world in need of its lifesaving properties.

Particularly during a total war against a evil Axis.

As a concrete example of how the Allies really were different from Hitler - and not just differing only in their high-sounding (but ultimately hollow) rhetoric.

Doctors without Frontiers didn't emerge formally for twenty five years after Dawson's premature death, but if he had lived, he would have cheered its birth to the rafters....

Janus Manhattan : a Big Tent or a Big Gate ?

Isolationist Manhattan and Isolationist America began right after WWI, when American voters rejected the League of Nations, rejected the idea of the whole world working together as a team, giving their 110%, to solve conflicts and prevent war.

In the mid 1920s, America erected an anti-immigration Big Gate in New York harbour, to keep all sort of darkish people out.

Emma Lazarus's Big Tent Manhattan faded, replaced by Gordon Gekko's Gated Manhattan.

Soon refugees from Hitler's terror were also being kept out, as American Isolationists (the majority of the American population) worked overtime to appease Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini and Tojo.

Medical Isolationists was also strong trying to defeat Social Medicine on every front.

Basically because Social Medicine advocates, people like Dr Martin Henry Dawson, fundamentally see no borders, trying to help those in need where ever they might be, totally anathema to Isolationists and Appeasers.

Wall Street was even worse on the appeasement front, happily selling Hitler the technology and parts he needed to build his Amerika bomber and A9/A10 to bomb.... Wall Street.

No,isolationist capitalism won't ever bury itself ---- but bomb itself ?

No problem....

"Dead nations never rise again" ?

When Emma Lazarus read Longfellow's otherwise moving poem about the old Jewish cemetery in Newport, Rhone Island, she hated the concluding line that - with Social Darwinistic finality - flatly stated that dead nations (ie Zion) never rise again.

Emma promptly wrote a poem on the same Newport Jewish cemetery that said, au contraire, America was the new Zion.

I like to think that Dr Henry Dawson caught a little of Emma's determined spirit in his own later Manhattan Project when he told his critics that his (frequently Jewish*) SBEs were 'swimming, not drowning'.....

*By surname, I'm convinced that four of the six SBE patients of his for which we have names, were Jewish...

Manhattan Project was eco disaster #1

If the gameplan of the Manhattan atomic Project is followed once again, foreigners will do most of the heavy lifting while America will gets most of the credit, the profits and the protection.

If we continue to rely on Vannevar Bush's way of thinking, of relying upon good old Chip and Buffy (and Gordie Gekko) down at the good old country club, we'll never solve this crisis.

We need an inclusive effort, not an exclusive one --- we need Emily Lazarus's vision of a Big Tent Manhattan, a coalition of the all the possible talents around the world, to save the whole world.

And let us never forget that the very first man-made global environmental crisis was the global fallout of atomic radiation from that supposedly so wonderful Manhattan atomic Project...

Emily Lazarus's Big Tent Manhattan

Penicillin-for-all was Emily Lazarus's Big Tent Manhattan while the America-only atom bomb was Gordon Gekko's 'greed is good' Manhattan.

Janus Manhattan 1945 : one secret Manhattan project to make an atom bomb only for America and another public Manhattan project to make penicillin for all.

One was Big Science for the few and the other was small science, nay tiny science, "homemade hope', for the many.

Big Tent Manhattan versus Greed is Good Manhattan

It almost was as if the ghosts of Emily Lazarus and Gordon Gekko were duking it out for the soul of Manhattan, America and the world...

A Bomb's foreigners behind bared wire

Allied America was not terribly different from Axis Germany when it came to employing hands and brains from dozens of foreign lands, often behind barbed wire fences, to do the heavy lifting for a super weapon they then had the chutzpah to claim as fully their own.

The atomic bomb project represented one vision of the future of world, one where the many labour so the few can benefit : think of it as country club Manhattan.

Big Tent Manhattan

Dr Henry Dawson also invited the small and the many in to labour on his Manhattan project as well.

But in this case, he worked to ensure that the benefits of that project (natural lifesaving penicillin) went as well to the small and the many, not just to the few that the Allies had originally intended it for.

His vision was of a world consisting of 'coalition of all possible talents' working to benefit all : think of it as Big Tent Manhattan.

So did Janus Manhattan's 1945 beacon shine dividedly forth to a tired and huddled world.

What, in the end, was that beacon to reveal : a vision of a Big Tent for all, be they powerless or powerful ----- or a vision of an exclusive country club, just the powerful ?

ConBloc's Fourth Wave Feminism

Bloc & Cons' older, less educated, rural, conservative, white men oppose niqab because (wait for it !) :  'it oppresses women' !

Not because their deepest nightmare is the thought the darkie immigrants might someday re-populate the lands their aryan ancestors had wrestled away from its darkie aboriginals a century earlier, in a sort of a 'Revenge of the Melanin'.

Rather familiar to anyone writing about the opponents of Dr Martin Henry Dawson, this particular brand of hypocrisy.

As in the Fall of 1940, when American medical Isolationists used the excuse that they were preparing for the possibility of intervening to help the small people of Europe (albeit many years too late), as an excuse to stop intervening to deal with the health issues of the small people of America...

NYC 2016 is hardly NYC 1926

I'd never go on a walk or a run just for the sake of running and walking, but I will walk anywhere in any weather, if walking gets me to something I want to go to.

(I am also very cheap and hate to pay for taxis and its almost the same when it comes to spending money on our  quite cheap local transit service.)

So I didn't take any special trips to Pictou, Truro, Montreal,Vancouver, Detroit, the UK, New Jersey and New York City, etc, to research the life and times of Martin Henry Dawson.

Oh yes, I have been to almost all the places of great significance in Dr Dawson's short life, but only in passing, while attending to other affairs.

But if my brother hadn't got serious ill, I doubt I would have ever travelled to NYC, en route to his home in Belfast Northern Ireland, for example.

I guess I don't want to get into the bad journalistic habit of over-selling the claim that viewing the exteriors of the buildings of 2016 Truro will tell you a great deal about the interior lives of the residents of 1896 Truro...

WWII : none knew that Dawson Project a dog

Dawson's 'other Manhattan Project' might not have been hurt as much as one might think by being both (a) before the age of the internet and (b) having tight wartime censorship keeping its successes out of the scientific and popular media.

In times of little real (uncensored) news and with the official version too upbeat to be trusted, person-to-person gossip is often reviewed as perhaps most reliable source of information around.

Gossip has no airs.

The gossip of the poor sounds the same as the gossip of the rich : it removes money and power from the conversation, it is the true 'Great Leveler' rather like today's internet.

Doctors don't gossip, of course : too unprofessional - and in times of war - too un-patriotic as well.

But as every patient knows, they sure do consult each other a lot - and thank God for that !

So it all comes down to the same thing really.

News of Dawson's penicillin success in beating the unbeatable SBE did indeed spread, by doc-to-doc 'consults', rather like wildfire through dry grass, all over the very large medical fishbowl in tri-state NYC, in the Spring and Summer of 1943.

When one well browned off young medical professional went to Citizen Hearst's largest paper to plead for some of this miracle cure, an evening paper that was the largest in North America and syndicated all over, the rest was history.

In 2015, it is clearly not wartime and so equal-to-rich-and-poor-gossip will never elect Canada's federal Green Party.

But the internet could - because on it, no one knows you are a dog or a barely above the fringe party.

But no, the Greens head out, every election, deliberately looking for walls to bloody their head against.

Local candidate signs is probably the biggest single election expense in Canada, bar none.

The Greens don't have enough money to buy enough, big enough, slick enough, signs or enough volunteers to put them up quickly or enough supporters who can find their website quick enough to request the 'tipping point number of signs early on' to really move votes to the party locally.

Leaflets ? Ditto. Too few, too unslick, too few volunteers, too slow to get them printed.

The same with all printed material - the media only wants slick PDFs of your party platform and a dead cow can bang those out as good as the fifty million dollar conservative party machine.

Matching the big guys big and busy local campaign HQs - ditto.

Matching the big parties' constant national leaders' tour requires your own jet and a huge advance organization and enough supporters to provide the constant rent a crowds.

The Greens can't do it, so shouldn't do it.

But what the official party can do and the unofficial supporters should also do - in spades - is create those short snappy, hard hitting, funny, posters, ads, testimonials, streeters, rants, songs, etc etc that go viral, cost nothing but brains and sweaty hard work.

You know the ones that never seem better or worse - when viewing online or by mobile - that the best the slick Toronto ad boys do for the two big parties.

Free - did I also mention they are free to make and free to post online ?

Who will this hurt?

Well the majority of the people in every party spend the majority of their working days pleading for enough money to pay their salary and a minority actually doing something to increase thir party vote.

Parties mostly operated by amateurs of good will will mean these people will have to get a real world job.

Even Stephen Harper had a real job - in a mailroom, once.

For a few months.

Turning him back into an amateur might unleash his well developed sense of humour which he now keeps well hidden.

I'd love to see him in the Youtube mode, of course along side 50,000 Green activists...

Dawson asked why move to WWII not stopped

In the 1930s, Germany and Japan had big appetites and the means to war, at least upon smaller others near-by, to satisfy them.

Italy merely had a big appetite.

This we are all taught in school --- 'the causes of WWII'.

But is this a truly complete explanation for all of WWII - above all for its extraordinary long length and the almost surprising defeat of the victorious Axis ?

If 'the-rest-of-the-world-combined' had been seriously willing to war with 1930s Japan, Italy and Germany to stop their aggression, even 1940s Japan, Italy and Germany, the Axis would have been quickly defeated.

The Axis simply had far too little manpower and far too little strategic resources , even far too little capital resources such as existing factories, science labs, locomotives and merchant vessels - let alone enough tanks, planes and battleships.

What these three nations did have, along with their fellow travellers around the world, was boundless will power and self confidence produced by the conviction that Science and Nature was on the side of their aggression.

That ------ and the fact that their very large (but also very reluctant) opponents basically agreed with them on the science of the matter.

Martin Henry Dawson's 'other Manhattan Project' had nothing really new to say as to why WWII was started.

But by successfully challenging the science that united Allied and Axis, it had plenty to say as to why it wasn't stopped ....

Dawson's Smalls

A small team of just four, working with small penicillium fungoid growths helpers, all to heal some small patients, working class SBE youths, the very "4Fs of the 4Fs".

Dr Henry Dawson seemed to have kept his team deliberately small, not just to maximize his freedom from the people and institutions who wanted to financially shut him down, but also to make a point of the continuing abilities of small science and small science teams to still do major work.

Again, he deliberately chose to rub the fur of Allied medical science the wrong way when he decided to break a worldwide medical taboo, and after only all five weeks into his project, inject the raw penicillin made from the dismissed-as-too-primitive penicillium mold into his patients' blood stream.

This, rather than wait years or decades for Big Pharma and Big Medicine to painstakingly and slowly bring mass clinically tested synthetic penicillin to market.

Finally of course, Dawson seemed to doom his 'penicillin project' to years of failure by picking by far the hardest disease on the books to try and cure with the limited amounts he could make or obtain.

But of course his project was never about penicillin and he deliberately picked the SBEs because they were 'the least of these' on everyone else's medical priority list, if a shooting war broke out.

Dawson's small team picked the small penicillium mold and the small SBEs out of the dustbin of history, where they had been both dismissively tossed, and then made out of them something truly wondrous and globe-changing to behold....

Apple a day won't keep the biochemist at bay

Patents and profits (but not patients) need pure penicillin.

Patients and people never ever need to see life-sustaining vitamins, minerals, nutrients, medicines as 100% pure.

Consider that when we eat a big apple, if we are lucky its 100 grams will yield up 10 mg of pure Vitamin C, but the body will have no problem using that one part in ten thousand out of all the mushed apple and acid inside our stomachs.

Similarly when Dr Vincent Duhig injected penicillium liquids straight into his patients' blood stream, the pure penicillin went straight to work killing their life-threatening infection, untroubled it was only a few parts per million of those penicillium liquids.

But biochemists in the 1940s attempting to determine the structure of a biological molecule had only crude tools and they needed both basically pure biological materials and lots of them for it to be destroyed by their brute force techniques.

One can not describe the moral disaster this caused the whole wartime penicillin situation better than the fact that in the Spring of 1943 Glaxo was the world's biggest producing of penicillin and yet no one drop went into a patient's bloodstream to save their life.


All that wonderful mass of Glaxo penicillin was destroyed by their biochemists trying (but failing) to make fat profits for Glaxo, in the middle of a total war, by synthesizing patentable penicillin.

And that meant the whole lot being destroyed in destructive analysis efforts.

Dawson (unwillingly) and Florey (willingly) had to ride our two horses and divide their raw penicillium juice two ways - at best or worst, that meant one half to the biochemists and one half to the patients.

On record are single destructive analysis experiments of 1.5 million pure units of penicillin - probably extracted (over and over and over, to up its purity) from ten million units (or more) of the raw stuff.

That raw penicillium juice would have saved hundreds of non-SBE type patients by Duhig's methods , and a handful of SBE patients by Dawson's methods.

Patients died by the millions worldwide, needlessly, during the twenty year multi-nation rush to produce patentable, profitable, pure synthetic penicillin - of course I (and Dr Dawson) are still morally outraged.

I'd hope I'd have said, let save lives - now ! - with the crude natural stuff and if and when Big Pharma makes it cheaper, better and easier via patented synthetic methods then I'll switch in a Manhattan Moment, but not until then...

Bringing 4Fs into DAWSON'S BIG TENT

Henry Dawson's Manhattan project sought to bring the world's metaphorical 4Fs into the Big Tent : but as helpers, as well as the helped.

Imagine the liberation of Belgium in the Fall of 1942, rather than in the Fall of 1944, a wonderfully early liberation made possible because the Allies chose to take advantage of their huge demographic advantage over the Axis.

A huge army made of soldiers from all segments of the Allied cause, including millions of frontline Indian and African troops.

That would be an excellent example of a Big Tent effort that included the small as both people to be helped (Belgium) and among those helping them (the frontline Indian and black soldiers).

It never happened .

Seemingly many people like Winston Churchill would rather lose to fellow whites from Nazi Germany than see white Europe liberated by a land army made up of mostly coloured recruits from the British, French, Dutch,Belgian and American colonies.

It was just this sort of thinking that Dr Henry Dawson sought to combat when he got 4F fungoid growths and 4F human patients inside his Big Tent effort, the other Manhattan Project, to do something earthshakingly good for us all ...

Watching THE THIRD MAN as a small child

I actually think I was thirteen going on fourteen when I first saw THE THIRD MAN, as part of Halifax CJCH-TV's nightly series of movies in the early evening.

I had read plenty of media account of the horrors of the Holocaust by then but hadn't really see anything cinematic about it, nothing to hit me really hard emotionally.

But THE THIRD MAN, centred on the morality of mis-used penicillin, did indeed hit me really hard.

No wonder, for it was a film that remains (65 years later) on many critics' lists of the top ten movies of all time.


As a small child, I had always found the events of WWII and the ten years thereafter very exciting and had always regretted never been being there mentally at firsthand (I was born in late 1951).

And in particular, I became an aware young person too late in the antibiotics revolution to be able to imagine the intense impact of this first miracle medicine upon human thought.

But the events in this film set in postwar Vienna changed all that : I could now feel, in my bones, for the first time how it was for people of that period.

How, for moviegoers back then, the ultimate good must be in providing penicillin to dying little ones and so the ultimate evil was not yet Auschwitz but rather those who would deny lifesaving penicillin to dying little ones.

I think the emotional wallop of that old B&W movie set my current penicillin project in motion --- only this time substituting Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, Newton Richards and Winston Churchill for Harry Lime in the denying penicillin to dying children department ....

Dawson did it all for 'the little ones'

Henry Dawson's other Manhattan Project wasn't really to advance the cause of penicillin, to aid the Allied military effort or even to save the SBEs : rather he did it all for 'the little ones', to persuade Humanity to build a "Big Tent" that included everyone.

For with rare exceptions (perhaps the early days of the Communist revolutions in some countries) a Big Tent doesn't need to invite the big and the powerful inside - for they are already there.

Instead a Big Tent always newly invites in the small, the weak, those traditionally judged unworthy and unfit.

Their ideas, emotions, fears, feelings, efforts are now considered to be as worthy as those of any other --- and worthy to be judged for their suitability to the collective task at hand.

Dawson felt his earlier scientific studies had revealed that a Big Tent approach (aka a tolerance for 'unfit' mutations and a global HGT system) had helped keep the microbes alive for four billion years.

Now it might just do the same for humanity : help keep human civilization alive for another four thousand years, if only given a chance to prove itself.

From tiny beginnings, his Big Tent Penicillin, produced by an unlikely 'coalition of all the talents' and given freely to all in need in a war-torn world, has since indirectly benefited ten billion of us (and counting) since 1940.

All through a form of herd immunity to formerly endemic deadly infectious diseases.

In doing so, I think he has successfully scaled up (and proven up) that this Big Tent concept also works for humanity !

Survival of the Fit over the Unfit ?

Particularly after the whirlwind defeat of the effete French by the German Blitzkrieg in May-June 1940, it seemed obvious to most middle class people in the world that the fit 1As were bound to win , every time, over the unfit 4Fs.

Survival of the fit over the unfit : bigger is better/might is right : Q.E.D.

A Fact of Nature : the classic 'Appeal to Nature'.

But Dr Martin Henry Dawson strongly and fundamentally disagreed with this particular Appeal to Nature, or at the very least, he wished to make another and stronger scientific appeal to the Facts of Nature.

For he felt he had found another (and statistically much better) method for assuring long term survival, as revealed by his study of Nature.

Young Dawson had made his scientific mark, initially, by studying the pneumococcus "R"s.

Even though these "R" type was considered by most others to be unworthy of serious scientific study.

They were the deviants, the unfits, the 4Fs, the non-virulent and non-virile members, of what even human scientists had to admit were Life's most successful survivors, the microbes.

Exit the big and mighty (and very fit) dinosaurs

For almost four billion years, the microbes had survived all that the Cosmos and Nature had thrown at them and lived to see another day while the big creatures, like the dinosaurs, went extinct at the first downturn.

Dawson's study found that almost four billion years of existence had produced no evolutionary pressures to eliminate the 'unfit' among the present day populations of microbes that he had studied.

This despite Social Darwinist claims to see evidence of the same in the mere four thousand year recorded history of human civilization.

Evolutionary pressures of survival, the Social Darwinists claimed, would ensure that humanity's portfolio of genes would be gradually drained and reduced, down to a 'small tent' of just to the most fit 1A types.

But Dawson no doubt had already noted to himself that the microbes had been around a million times longer than human civilizations - surely the slowly grinding wheels of even Darwin's ultra leisurely concept of evolutionary change must have produced something by now.

Because his microbes seemed quite tolerant of what human scientists called the 'unfit' among them.

Indeed Dawson found that the 'fit' and 'unfit' among the pneumococcus microbes were free to be both patrons and authors in the microbes' world wide lending library of potentially useful genes.

In this "Big Tent" concept for a global library, any microbe - whether judged 'fit' or 'unfit' by human scientists, could freely offer up bits of DNA with potentially useful genes for a new crisis situation and any other microbe could take it up and in turn pass it on to another microbe and so on, quickly circling the world.

The miracle of HGT

This use of the unique-to-the-microbe HGT system (horizontal gene transfer), by the way, is how resistance to a brand new antibiotic can spread to the remotest corners of the world in a few years.

It is one of the key ways that microbes have survived for four billion years.

Most microbes would be considered in 1940 to be among the "lower" forms of life because they almost never reproduced sexually - that is by taking bits from the genome of both mom and dad.

Creatures unable to do that were considered to be incredibly primitive.

But Dawson showed that if the microbes could think, they might feel that sexual beings were truly incredibly primitive - for why stop at sharing the genes of just mom and dad when you could share the genes of a trillion times a trillion times a trillion of other microbes ?

In human equivalent terms, when microbes were under attack by a powerful new antibiotic, as powerful as Hitler + Stalin + Mussolini + Tojo combined, they made the biggest possible Big Tent of all the talents, be they female or male microbes, black, red or yellow microbes, fit or unfit.

All hands on deck, without regard to limiting racism or prejudice !

Big Tent Penicillin

Dawson thought the Allied cause should not just rhetorically claim to do the same but actually and concretely do the same.

Not just for the traditional moral reasons, but because he had scientifically demonstrated that it had a proven record of success.

But in fact Dawson's earlier studies had largely been ignored.

This time though, he would combine microbe 4Fs ( in this case ,the lower fungi penicillium) with human 4Fs (the working class SBE patients), all to show just what a "Big Tent" approach could do in a time of grave human crisis...

'We're doing this all for the little ones'

World powers (or parents) who too stridently claim they're doing it all 'for the little ones' invariably are not.

One case in point, Great Britain and her Allies.

Britain never actually conducted its war in 1914-1918 - or the peace process in 1919 - with a prime objective the protecting of the rights of 'poor little Belgium'.

Ditto for Belgium, and a dozen other small nations, in 1939-1945 and afterwards.

Henry Dawson bought into the propaganda claim in 1914-1918 --- but not again in 1940.

His response was to set "The other Manhattan Project" in motion....

Natural 'Pen' proof small science beautiful

If small science is beautiful and bountiful then no smaller (or better) example exists then the tiny penicillium factories that produced penicillin when the biggest factories of Man could not

In the Fall of 1940, Dr Henry Dawson set out to embarrass the Allies to actually do something concrete to match their high sounding (but actually empty) Atlantic Charter style rhetoric about protecting the rights of the small in the war against Big Evil.

So he deliberately recruited some very small (and very overlooked) individuals into his "Big Tent Coalition of All the Talents" that came to be the other Manhattan Project.
Dawson specifically went out of his way to go to the bottom, not the top, of the hospital patient pecking order when he asked some young Black and Jewish patients dying of SBE if they wished to volunteer to form his pioneering clinical trial of the world's first systemic antibiotic.

Systemic but not synthetic antibiotic.

For on October 16th 1940, he deliberately chose to snub received scientific opinion and instead inject natural raw penicillin into this pair of nobodies.

Penicillin that was also made by nobodies : some of the smallest, most despised but also most sophisticated chemical scientists in the world : individual penicillium 'fungoid growth' cells.

Each one a complete chemical plant but each also so tiny that they are best seen with electron microscopes.

Millions and ultimately billions of us in the biggest, richest and most sophisticated civilizations have benefitted greatly ever since from these efforts of the small individuals who were so despised and overlooked by the Big back then.

I can't help but feel that that was the ironic point intended by Dr Dawson...