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| Army is - wrongly - blamed for her SBE death |
Presidents John Adams used the phrase "hearts and mind" in this sense early in the 19th century, long before Presidents FDR, Kennedy and Johnson made it famous in the 20th century - and before recent presidents George W Bush and Obama dragged it out of the archives to use in this century.
(And to share the blame around, their wartime Ally Britain also used the phrase during its 1950s war in Malaysia.)
When American finally joined The Coalition of the Willing (December 1941), many of the world's nations still remained strictly neutral in the battle against Nazi evil , or were, at best, nominal friends but in reality merely laying back on the oars.
The world's largest, richest, most militarily-advanced economies in the world (America and the British Commonwealth) had a real job on their hands trying to convince the neutrals (all much smaller and weaker than these two superpowers) that their interests would not be subsumed before the interests of these global colossus.
Unhelpfully, America and Britain's scientific and medical elite - centred in the American National Academy of Science (NAS) and the British Medical Research Council (MRC) made the job much harder.
Reactionaries of all stripes (from Germany to America) had been determined to roll back the1930s move to Social Medicine (the claim that more poor people got sick than rich people because they were too poor to pay for adequate housing, food or routine medical care).
However, the dire effects of the Great Depression had put wind behind Social Medicine's sails and confounded the reactionaries.
Now - Thank God ! - war, or even just the possibility of war, gave the reactionaries new hope.
Hitler killed off his first "useless feeder" the same week that he declared war on the Poles and soon his Aktion T4 program was killing Germany's weakest and smallest members by the tens of thousands.
In America, people like Dr Lewis Weed (a mid-level medical researcher) dropped his unsuccessful research to become a war-medicine advocate at the NAS and its action-oriented NRC (National Research Council).
War medicine wins opening rounds against social medicine
He locked horns with Dr Thomas Parran, the American Surgeon General from 1936 to 1948, who was a strong (and powerfully-positioned) advocate of social medicine.
A war medicine proponent advocates that any nation at war - even the richest, least attacked nation at war - needs to divert resources normally assigned to civilian medicine towards making bullets instead.
In addition, much more money would have to be spent providing for the high medical requirements of an activity (war) whose stated aim is maiming and killing people on muddy fields miles away from the nearest hospital.
Limited research dollars would have to focus on war-related medical needs ( such as finding new ways to keep factory workers and bomber pilots alert for long hours) and put before finding new ways to keep elderly retirees alive) .
War medicine is, in a very real sense, 'eugenics in uniform' : the best citizens (those that are tested and rated physically and mentally to be A1) end up in the military and get top notch medical care at no cost.
Those citizens who fail these tests and end up as 4F, are second rate eugenically and get second rate medical care during the war.
Proudly promote this concept to the outside world - and America's still relatively free press during WWII did just that - and it comes across quite differently in those neutral nations still sitting on the fence with regards to whole-heartedly backing the Allied cause.
As individuals, the elites in these neutral nations could see themselves as A1s --- but as nationalistically minded citizens they could only see their nations as 4Fs in America's eyes : mere inconvenient dirt beneath their advancing wheels.
When the Patty Malone vs Marie Barker debate broke in the United States media (basically, scarce penicillin for dying civilians : yes or no ?) , it broke even bigger overseas, as worried American and British diplomats noted.
Heartless or caring : the public image of the Allied cause had reached past the unimportant front pages and onto the most important page of any newspaper or magazine --- the women's page : home to Doctor Mom.
It suddenly mattered what the mothers and parents and grandparents from neutral nations thought of America and Britain's harsh dictates on penicillin.
Put your small neutral nation, say Eire or Turkey, in the place of the unfortunate Marie Barker and then ask yourself, how would you feel to just be Marie Barker-like 'incidental collateral damage' , on the pathway to the ultimate Allied Victory ?
And the Home Front within the Allied nations was just as caustic about their own governments' inactions : 'penicillin the miracle cure' had been around for 15 years and still no one in charge had bothered making enough of it for all ?
Don't the bosses know "there's a war on" ???!!!
And let us set this debate (occurring between the late Summer of 1943 and the early Spring of 1944) in its full context.
The western Allies still hadn't invaded Europe and left the heavy lifting of killing German soldiers to the beleaguered Russians.
Instead they were busy bombing Europe into rubble : busily killing civilians from both Axis and neutral nations alike.
The Germans and Allies had co-operated on censoring the results of the fire-bombing of Hamburg of July 1943, (right before the story of little Patty Malone broke) but on-site reports from neutral Swedish journalists had laid the whole horrific affair out on the newspaper pages of the world.
It had led to considerable unease - in neutral country and allied country alike.
Hadn't FDR himself raged that the bombing of civilians was a crime against all humanity and now weren't the Americans and British far out-doing the earlier Nazi efforts to bomb enemy and neutral civilians ?
Allied fire bombing of innocent babies in occupied Europe - denying life-saving penicillin to innocent young moms in America so that their unfaithful husbands in Italy could be get a quicker ( via penicillin) cure for the Clap - it all didn't seem morally right.
Perhaps surprisingly, the American Army revealed far greater political and cultural savvy on this matter than American doctors and scientists were capable of.
The Army was sick and tired of being blamed for hogging all the penicillin and refusing to give any to the nation's dying babies.
'For Christ's Sake', they could rightfully protest, 'we can't get anywhere enough penicillin for our own dying boys, and we hadn't even heard of this stuff penicillin till a few months ago --- you ask the drug companies and the doctors what they were doing with the stuff for the last 15 years !'
Somewhere in the American Army Air Force some bright mind (s) decided to solve both PR problems (the fire bombing uproar and the penicillin uproar) at one stroke.
(And before you ask, no .)
No academic historian has yet brought us the true story behind this highly imaginative response: I see a great PhD thesis for some bright light.)
Soon, American Army "heavy" bombers were pulled off their bombing practises and were sent out on a still risky flight (because at top speed and at night) "pounding" across country with a tiny 8 grams of penicillin (instead of the normal 8000 pounds of TNT) to deliver to a dying ten pound patient.
Upon arrival, Klieg lights lit the tarmac as an ambulance, along a police escort with blazing lights and piercing sirens, raced to the hospital and the waiting doctor and patients.
Need I add to this purple-prosed drama that, thoughtfully, the local press had been notified well ahead of time ?
Quickly Army bombers were even on far more perilous missions of mercy, dangerously new cross-ocean flights, from places like San Francisco all the way to Brisbane Australia or from New York to Havana, --- to save dying children.
In 1943, Martin Henry Dawson was dying ,but not quite dead yet, not by a long shot...
Life-saving penicillin had moved 180 degrees from being censored and rationed to being the subject of radio, newsreel and pamphlet propaganda as an example - the example - of the better things ahead if only all joined in to hasten the Allied Cause.
Neutrals could reassure themselves that just like with dying babies and Martin Henry Dawson's useless-mouthed SBE patients, the Allies would do right by all, as they were doing so now for the least of these.
The Allied battle for the world's hearts and minds, had been won (unexpectedly) by the proponents of social medicine - thanks largely to the example of Martin Henry Dawson.
And decades before Joni Mitchell and Woodstock, the American Army Air Force itself turned its shotgun bombers into butterflies, above a wondering nation and world....
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